Coastal ecosystems have a long history of development, which is tightly coupled with sea-level rise over the past 7000 years. Perturbations of short duration, such as storms, may also have a significant affect on their morphology and ecology.
The current morphology of the east coast NRM reflects a history of rapid sea-level rise over the past 7-5kpa. This was followed by a period of relatively stable sea level condition. Perturbations of short duration, such as storms, may also have a significant affect on their morphology and ecology.
Coastal vulnerability assessments that are sensitive to the planning, engineering and management timescale need to account for both long-term processes and short-term perturbations. They also need to be sensitive to resource limitations. Scaled approaches may be useful.